20 Best Books For Options Trading (2023 Update)

What exactly is day trading? who participates in the process? can and should you be involved to earn by investing money and create a continuous income? this can happen in any market, but it is more common in the foreign market (forex) and the stock market. in general, daily traders are well-educated and well-funded. they use high amounts of leverage and short-term trading strategies to take advantage of small price changes in highly liquid stocks or currencies. daily traders serve two critical functions: they keep markets efficiently through arbitrage and provide much of the markets' liquidity (especially in the stock market). with this guide, you will plan step by step your path to achieving a winning trading strategy. whatever your trading method, you will need a strategy; whoever decides to invest their money, regardless of the time horizon, cannot do without a strategy that works: why? because a trading strategy will allow you to avoid the emotionality, temptations, the euphoria of successes, and the despair of failures. * how to improve your mindset for trading; not all traders can be rational. if you want to invest in trading and become a great trader, you have to learn to be one; getting the right mindset is crucial to address trading's emotionality positively. * the best technical analysis to understand where and when trading; too many indicators provide redundant and unnecessary information that makes them lose sight of the situation; the best rule is, keep it simple. * which market to trade and with which broker; relying on a regulated and authorized broker is a significant step, such as paying attention to the fact that the offer of platforms of the broker you are choosing and evaluating is suitable for your trading style. & lot more! day trading is probably the most common trading strategy among individual investors. daily fluctuations in exchange rates and the opportunity to leverage a multiplier make it possible to exchange currency pairs, equities, and many other assets daily. however, if not applied correctly, even the best trading strategy will give rise to unsatisfactory results. so fasten your seatbelts; you're about to enter one of the most exciting activities in the world! order your copy now and start this fascinating adventure in the world of daytrading!

A detailed, one-stop guide for experienced options traders positional option trading: an advanced guide is a rigorous, professional-level guide on sophisticated techniques from professional trader and quantitative analyst euan sinclair. the author has over two decades of high-level option trading experience. he has written this book specifically for professional options traders who have outgrown more basic trading techniques and are searching for in-depth information suitable for advanced trading. custom-tailored to respond to the volatile option trading environment, this expert guide stresses the importance of finding a valid edge in situations where risk is usually overwhelmed by uncertainty and unknowability. using examples of edges such as the volatility premium, term-structure premia and earnings effects, the author shows how to find valid trading ideas and details the decision process for choosing an option structure that best exploits the advantage. advanced topics include a quantitative approach for directionally trading options, the robustness of the black scholes merton model, trade sizing for option portfolios, robust risk management and more. this book: provides advanced trading techniques for experienced professional traders addresses the need for in-depth, quantitative information that more general, intro-level options trading books do not provide helps readers to master their craft and improve their performance includes advanced risk management methods in option trading no matter the market conditions, positional option trading: an advanced guide is an important resource for any professional or advanced options trader.

Do you want to learn how options trading work? do you want to learn how to trade like a pro? do you wish to create an income stream with options trading? options, like most other asset types, maybe acquired via brokerage accounts. sales, value, and industry trends are all factors that many investors consider when evaluating a company.however, market pricing does not always represent these factors. technical analysis examines past data, primarily price and volume, to forecast price moves. one of the most important skills in options trading is to master is determining the best entry and exit points for options trading. no matter how brilliant your adjusting skills are, nothing can make up for a bad entrance.this book is the beginner's guide with all the important topics to understand everything about options trading.so what are you waiting for? get your copy today!

When it comes to boosting your portfolio, you’ve got options! looking for a new way to flex your investing muscle? look no further! options trading for dummies offers trusted guidance for anyone ready to jump into the versatile, rewarding world of stock options. and just what are your options options? this book breaks down the most common types of options contracts, helping you select the right strategy for your needs. learn all about the risk-reward structure of options trading and reduce your risk through smart mixing and matching. today’s markets are more topsy turvy than ever before, but there is also more potential for everyday investors like you to profit, regardless of economic conditions. options are great for broadening your retirement portfolio or earning a little extra scratch through shorter-term positions. options trading for dummies is your plain-english resource for learning how! demystify the world of options contracts and how to trade them, including index, equity, and etf options use technical analysis to create a solid trading strategy that limits your risk protect your assets and avoid the pitfalls common to first-time options traders learn about covered calls, butterfly positions, and other techniques that can enhance your gains thinking of trading options, but not sure where to start? this latest edition of options trading for dummies provides you with step-by-step advice for boosting your income under today’s market conditions.

In their quest for trading commodities profitably, beginning traders spend a substantial amount of time studying market theory, various types of market analysis, and paper-trading in the futures and options markets. yet, almost all of them fail to take the necessary steps to ensure their trading environment is conducive for the profits they seek. a trader's first book on commodities aims to fill the void in trading literature that overlooks the importance in making the right decisions before ever placing a commodity trade such as fully understanding market mechanics and logistics, choosing a proper trading platform, understanding order types, being aware of market data fees and policies, how to quote and calculate profit or loss in each of the commodity markets, preparing for margin calls, and the only magic in trading-humility. a trader's first book on commodities is guaranteed to shorten the learning curve for beginning traders while offering seasoned traders a new perspective on familiar topics. there is more to trading than computer-generated oscillators and trendlines; choosing the wrong trading platform, brokerage, or order type can do more harm to a trading account than choosing the wrong technical indicator.

If you've ever wondered what it takes to become a successful, self-directed investor or trader, look no further–all of the information you could ever need is here. in this step-by-step guide to building a portfolio, you'll learn the six best trading strategies for nonprofessionals and when to use each one. it lays out how to build a portfolio today and details the best trading strategies and tactics for the nonprofessional to use. paired with the author's hard-won insights and customized rules, it's a must-read for anyone looking to get into investing! hundreds, if not thousands, of stock market and options trading books have been written, each peppered with life stories of years on wall street or advice on various points that may help the reader achieve maximum profitability. but none of these books really show the diligent, self-directed investor what to do and how to do it, holistically. the reader can collect bits and pieces of information, but when it comes to making consistent money and doing it safely, this book is the one place where it's all brought together. this step-by-step guide to modern investing & risk management will show you: -how to cut through the noise of wall street advisors, financial news and thousands of investment websites to know what is important to review before trading or investing. -how to properly frame your portfolio before trading and efficiently perform fundamental and technical analysis on a very select set of your favorite stock & exchange traded fund ideas.-how to select the best trade setups and strategies for both stocks and their related options (and the best combinations of the two). -how to select and use the best six trading strategies (out of hundreds available) for non-professional investors.-how to place risk management and insurance positions to protect every trade and your overall portfolio from the outset. -how to adjust losing trades and turn many losers into winners.-how to properly use leverage safely-how to use these repeatable processes and systems to dramatically build wealth over time. walk in my footsteps and use trading and investing to gain confidence and take back your life.

Understand how day trading works—and get an action plan due to the fluctuating economy, trade wars, and new tax laws, the risks and opportunities for day traders are changing. now, more than ever, trading can be intimidating due to the different methods and strategies of traders on wall street. day trading for dummies provides anyone interested in this quick-action trading with the information they need to get started and maintain their assets. new trading products such as cryptocurrencies updated information on sec rules and regulations and tax laws using options to manage risk and make money expanded information on programming if you’re someone who needs to know a lot about day trading in a short amount of time, this is your place to start.

You've heard stories about investors who accumulate vast amounts of wealth in the stock market. you've also heard that options trading offers tremendous leverage and requires less capital. you want in – but you have no idea where to begin. to make matters worse, you've done some research and know that options trading is complex. who can teach you how to trade options? which strategies and approaches are most successful? and most important, how can you trade options for income over the long-term? whether you are a beginning, intermediate, or advanced trader, this book contains everything you need to know about how to successfully trade options using technical analysis. co-authored by bob lang, one of the industry's top technicians, this is the only book on the market that provides background information on how options trading works, how to succeed over the long-term, and how to use technical analysis to find winning trades. it also includes detailed examples of what strategies to use, when to use them, and how to use them, and it provides numerous examples and real-world experiences from some of the best traders around. inside you will find: six ways to ensure you're prepared for whatever the stock market throws at you. strategies to help you manage your emotions so you can stay in the game long-term. detailed explanations of how to read charts and find technical patterns. three risk management strategies you must follow to be successful. a deep-dive into the 10 most important indicators that will guide your trading – and how to use them. the eight most common chart patterns and what they mean. you'll also learn how to use chaikin analytics and which four top technical traders to follow. the dangers of listening to every pundit, analyst and talking head – and what to do instead so you can continue making smart trades. the mad money experience offers a brief look at why following jim cramer can benefit your options trading career. why price and volume are the king and queen of technical indicators and how to use them to get the best read on future moves. forty charts that illustrate strategies and concepts. five stories from some of the top technical traders in the us. a thorough explanation of "the greeks". a reading list of blogs and other online media publications for continuing education. four case studies that shine a light on what these strategies look like in real life – and how bob lang has used them to win big on some eye-popping trades. a glossary of options trading terms. and more! know your options is the only book on the market that teaches you how to trade options and use technical analysis to find the best trades. if you want to be successful at trading options for income over the long-term, this is the book for you. hit the buy now button today – and start fulfilling your stock market dreams tomorrow.

What exactly is day trading options? who participates in the process? can and should you be involved to earn by investing money and create a continuous income? this can happen in any market, but it is more common in the foreign market (forex) and the stock market. – in general, daily traders are well-educated and well-funded. they use high amounts of leverage and short-term options trading strategies to take advantage of small price changes in highly liquid stocks or currencies. – daily traders serve two critical functions: they keep markets efficiently through arbitrage and provide much of the markets' liquidity (especially in the stock market). with this guide, you will plan step by step your path to achieving a winning options trading strategy. – whatever your options trading method, you will need a options strategy; whoever decides to invest their money, regardless of the time horizon, cannot do without a options strategy that works: why? because a options trading strategy will allow you to avoid the emotionality, temptations, the euphoria of successes, and the despair of failures. if you want to invest in options trading and become a great trader, you have to learn to be one; getting the right mindset is crucial to address options trading's emotionality positively.- the best technical analysis to understand where and when options trading; too many indicators provide redundant and unnecessary information that makes them lose sight of the situation; the best rule is, keep it simple.- which market to trade and with which broker; relying on a regulated and authorized broker is a significant step, such as paying attention to the fact that the offer of platforms of the broker you are choosing and evaluating is suitable for your options trading style.- … & lot more! day trading options is probably the most common options trading strategy among individual investors. daily fluctuations in exchange rates and the opportunity to leverage a multiplier make it possible to exchange currency pairs, equities, and many other assets daily. – however, if not applied correctly, even the best options trading strategy will give rise to unsatisfactory results. – so fasten your seatbelts; you're about to enter one of the most exciting activities in the world! order your copy now and start this fascinating adventure in the world of day trading options!

In this book, a hedge fund manager and an option trading coach show you how to earn steady, reliable option income trading options by managing your trades and running your option portfolio as a real business following the fundamental principles of an "insurance company". sebastian and chen begin by introducing their exclusive business model framework, identifying the option concepts most critical to long-term trading success, and presenting core income strategies based on selling rather than purchasing options. next, they walk you through setting up your "business," offering a complete "operations manual" addressing each practical issue you'll face. the authors teach key lessons they've learned from their own experience — including how to maintain trading discipline, manage volatility and risk, account for the "other" greeks, and handle payments. packed with real-world examples, this book reveals how professional money managers and hedge funds really manage their option trading operations — and guides you step-by-step through setting up your portfolio and running your trades to earn the same high levels of income.

Successful stock options trading requires extensive practice. most options books offer theory and strategies, but don't offer the practice needed to prepare for real-world trades, where the wrong split-second decisions can cost you dearly. in the option trader's workbook: a problem-solving approach, expert trader jeff augen covers every key scenario you'll encounter in modern options trading, guides you through successful trade executions, and shows how to overcome key pitfalls that trip up most traders. you'll walk through trades designed to profit from changing prices and volatility, time decay, rapid price spikes, and many other factors. this second edition introduces powerful new techniques, and reflects the long-term impacts of the 2009 crash. new problems include: – new cboe weekly options expiration options, and their unique pricing dynamics. – using collars, covered calls, and covered puts to structure income-generating trades with well-defined risk profiles. – using ratio trading, vix options, volatility etfs, and variance trading to generate profits from shifts in volatility. each section contains information for beginners, intermediate, and advanced traders, helping you build your skills one trade at a time, no matter how much experience you have–or how little. you'll find several hundred questions, all designed to mirror real life, and supported with clearly explained solutions.

Corrected and edited version ★are you ready to grasp the life you deserve and have always dreamed of? investing can give you a new life, where you''ll be able to travel, live adventures and do your favorite activities with your family. yet, investing today is not so easy. the internet has been filled with so-called entrepreneurs who lack professional authority and think only of their own profit. brokers that sell bonds charge ridiculous commission fees but walking on your own looks like you''re trying to enter the matrix. and still, many investors are now riding the good waves of the option market, real estate market, and crypto market. is it too late to go in? is there an actual procedure to calculate and understand how and when entering a position (buying assets)? to invest in today''s trends, such as it and technology, it''s fundamental that you have the right knowledge. for example, technology is developing rapidly in many ways and aspects. in fact, so fast that it''s hard to keep track. but this doesn''t mean you should miss the chance of being part of it. and the good news is…it''s not that complicated! even if you''re not a professional trader, now you have the chance to generate extra revenue by investing in what fascinates you. how? cutting unnecessary funds-related expenses and dedicating a bit of your time to learn the trading basics. it''s like preparing a good meal. after getting all the ingredients, you just follow the recipe. if you then want to become a professional trading chef…well, you can too. options trading guides you through two sections: ✓ learn how to take your first steps in the world of trading options, with insights on stocks and forex; ✓ complete and learn advanced options trading mechanisms. aren''t you tired of paying enormous maintenance costs of your bank account in exchange for zero interest? when it''s about investing, two things are fundamental: rely only on safe information sources; being able to have your own opinions and make your own decisions. start protecting your funds now and: learn the fundamentals of how options are priced; study fundamental and technical analysis and some special tricks that apply during technical analysis; generate extra income with options every month to achieve your financial freedom; learn how to manage risk in all its aspects by knowing all the mistakes you could make and how to avoid them; set up investments with a high return in the short and medium-term through advanced strategies that allow you to find stable and profitable markets; create a clear, practical and pragmatic vision of trading to have full control over your actions; apply the right mindset to start earning real money; focus on both beginners and advanced techniques to generate passive income over time; …and much more! remember: most of the bank-related expenses you are used to paying are not necessary. risk can be lowered and managed effectively. only and always study from reliable sources. putting effort, wisdom and courage is the only way to grow. stop hesitating and follow your happiness: order the book "options trading" now!

This collection includes 2 books in 1 1 stock options trading strategies do you want to understand options trading and its strategies to maximize gaining income.? if yes, then keep reading. options are the ideal vehicle for expanding your influence, permitting you to transform a little speculation into exponentially huge prizes. they can likewise be used to protect your interests if there should be an occurrence of a market downturn. options are devices that each investor ought to understand and possibly put to use. in this book, you'll get familiar with all the intricate details of investment opportunities, from fundamentals to progressively intriguing straddles and spreads. you'll have a total understanding of trading options and have the option to place them to use in your portfolio, executing both basic and further developed systems. this book allows you to understand why options do what they do. note the word: 'understand.' i am not going to describe a phrase without explaining how it applies to trade options. i won't tell you how to open a trade and then leave you stranded. you can learn how to unlock, handle, and exit places. i do not set out rules to obey. instead, you get thorough explanations and recommendations that will enable you to make your own decisions. several trade options are confidential, and i cannot know your particular circumstances. i'm trying to help you find trades and make market strategies that suit your appetite for risk and financial goals. this book covers the following topics: understanding options options strategies how and where to trade options risk management and mindset money management and trading plan how to maximize profits with options trading … and much more 2 day trade for a living do you want to learn how to day trade for a living? if yes, then keep reading. day trading is a form of trading where trades are opened and closed on the same day, enabling the trader to capitalize on marginal gains earned through the day to day volatility of the market. when you are a day trader, your goal is to identify what stocks are likely to shift into favor that day so that you can conduct your trades accordingly. generally, day traders will buy their stocks in the morning and hold onto those stocks until later in the day when the marginal gains have accumulated enough to earn a significant profit. then, they will close the trade by selling the stocks before the end of the day so that they are not left holding any stocks after the market closes. utilizing the day trading strategy means that your goal is to always be free of stocks in the evening to ensure that you are not exposing yourself to the risk of overnight price changes. as with any form of trading, you want to minimize your risk by never staying in the market longer than you intended to, as doing so could expose you to unforeseen changes that can lead to significant losses. this book covers: risk and account management how to find stocks for trades tools and platforms transactions borrowings and fiscal costs advanced options trading strategies … and so much more! this collection includes 2 books in 1 1 stock options trading strategies do you want to understand options trading and its strategies to maximize gaining income.? if yes, then keep reading. options are the ideal vehicle for expanding your influence, permitting you to transform a little speculation into exponentially huge prizes. they can likewise be used to protect your interests if there should be an occurrence of a market downturn. options are devices that each investor ought to understand and possibly put to use. in this book, you'll get familiar with all the intricate details of investment opportunities, from fundamentals to progressively intriguing straddles and spreads. you'll have a total understanding of trading options and have the option to place them to use in your portfolio, executing both basic and further developed systems. this book allows you to understand why options do what they do. note the word: 'understand.' i am not going to describe a phrase without explaining how it applies to trade options. i won't tell you how to open a trade and then leave you stranded. you can learn how to unlock, handle, and exit places. i do not set out rules to obey. instead, you get thorough explanations and recommendations that will enable you to make your own decisions. several trade options are confidential, and i

Jeff cooper is back with a newly updated hit & run trading volume i. delivering a day-by-day trading plan of attack, this comprehensive manual is your key to conquering the market on a daily basis. join jeff as he reveals his most intimate winning methods for daytrading and short trading the market. while the traditional "buy and hold" strategy may work well in bull markets, cooper's "hit & run" methods work in all markets. his easy to follow methods will show you exactly: which stocks to focus on each day where to place your buy stops and sell short stops the precise amount of risk you should take and how to take the psychology out of trading in his new "mind over money" chapter! plus, you'll gain access to jeff's personal arsenal of strategies including: stepping in front of size – learn how to buy a stock just moments before the big boys! 1-2-3-pullbacks – discover the three-day setup that consistently triggers 4–15 point gains within just days! expansion breakouts – master the one breakout that consistently leads to further gains. the power of creating the daily hit list – learn how to recognize which stocks are rapidly moving and which setups to use to trade them – invaluable knowledge to keep you ahead of the game! a true trading sensation and classic – now in it's newly updated format!

Comprehensive coverage of the four major trading styles evolution of a trader explores the four trading styles that people use when learning to trade or invest in the stock market. often, beginners enter the stock market by: buying and holding onto a stock (value investing). that works well until the trend ends or a bear market begins. then they try position trading. this is the same as buy-and-hold, except the technique sells positions before a significant trend change occurs. swing trading follows when traders increase their frequency of trading, trying to catch the short-term up and down swings. finally, people try day trading by completing their trades in a single day. this series provides comprehensive coverage of the four trading styles by offering numerous tips, sharing discoveries, and discussing specific trading setups to help you become a successful trader or investor as you journey through each style. trading basics takes an in-depth look at money management, stops, support and resistance, and offers dozens of tips every trader should know. fundamental analysis and position trading discusses when to sell a buy-and-hold position, uncovers which fundamentals work best, and uses them to find stocks that become 10-baggers—stocks that climb by 10 times their original value. swing and day trading reveals methods to time the market swings, including specific trading setups, but it covers the basics as well, such as setting up a home trading office and how much money you can make day trading.

Benefiting from stocks — breaking even with options — profiling risk and reward — profiling stock trades with risk graphs — profiling option trades with risk graphs — combining option positions — considering the worst-case scenario — part 2 evaluating markets, sectors, and strategies — chapter 5 analyzing mood swings in the market — a few words about select macro factors — assessing the market's bias — judging the strength of a move — (psycho)-analyzing the market — watching call and put activity — understanding put-to-call ratios — using the put volume indicator — using volatility to measure fear — measuring volatility — recognizing impact from changing volatility — spelling fear the wall street way: v-i-x — applying breadth and sentiment tools — locating neutral areas for indicators — identifying indicator extremes — chapter 6 sector analysis: technical and fundamental — getting technical with charts — chart basics — adjusting your time horizon for the best view — visualizing supply and demand — identifying relatively strong sectors — relative ratios — rate of change indicator — using sector volatility tools — displaying volatility with indicators — analyzing volatility with bollinger bands — projecting prices for trading — support and resistance — trends — channels — price retracements and extensions — projections and probabilities — chapter 7 practicing before you swing — monitoring option greek changes — tracking premium measures — changing volatility and option prices — paper trading a trading strategy — trading on paper: pluses and minuses — implementing electronic paper trades — using trading systems — knowing what you're getting — performing a backtest — adding risk management to a backtest — shifting from knowledge to mastery — setting the right pace — achieving mastery through longevity

Benefiting from stocks — breaking even with options — profiling risk and reward — profiling stock trades with risk graphs — profiling option trades with risk graphs — combining option positions — considering the worst-case scenario — part 2 evaluating markets, sectors, and strategies — chapter 5 analyzing mood swings in the market — a few words about select macro factors — assessing the market's bias — judging the strength of a move — (psycho)-analyzing the market — watching call and put activity — understanding put-to-call ratios — using the put volume indicator — using volatility to measure fear — measuring volatility — recognizing impact from changing volatility — spelling fear the wall street way: v-i-x — applying breadth and sentiment tools — locating neutral areas for indicators — identifying indicator extremes — chapter 6 sector analysis: technical and fundamental — getting technical with charts — chart basics — adjusting your time horizon for the best view — visualizing supply and demand — identifying relatively strong sectors — relative ratios — rate of change indicator — using sector volatility tools — displaying volatility with indicators — analyzing volatility with bollinger bands — projecting prices for trading — support and resistance — trends — channels — price retracements and extensions — projections and probabilities — chapter 7 practicing before you swing — monitoring option greek changes — tracking premium measures — changing volatility and option prices — paper trading a trading strategy — trading on paper: pluses and minuses — implementing electronic paper trades — using trading systems — knowing what you're getting — performing a backtest — adding risk management to a backtest — shifting from knowledge to mastery — setting the right pace — achieving mastery through longevity

Would you like to create an alternative source of income starting from a reduced investment? would you like to know all the best strategies used by successful multimillion-dollar traders? do you think the trading guides available use too many technical terms and can't seem to grasp the concept? well, then you're in luck for your search is finally over! this special edition, which includes 7 books, was created with the intention of providing a newbee-aproach to the best short-term strategies applicable on forex, options and stocks, which have proven to be effective, explained in simple and informal language, to start trading professionally and profitably. – here's a sneak peak of some of the information you will find in this unique bundle;manuscript one: forex trading – manuscript two: options trading – options trading strategies of 2020 that are guaranteed to deliver actual results in all market conditions- best trading strategies and setups for investing in stocks, forex, futures, binary and other additional options management skills- how to trade options and make consistent profits even if you have zero trading experience.- tips and advice for advanced option traders- and much more! – manuscript five: day trading stocks manuscript six: swing trading- what options trading is, how it functions, why it is important, and how to trade it safely and profitably- options trading strategies of 2020 that are guaranteed to deliver actual results in all market conditions- best trading strategies and setups for investing in stocks, forex, futures, binary and other additional options management skills – manuscript seven: dividend trading – although you may find may books on the market, nothing can compare to the knowledge and advice you'll gain from this priceless bundle.

There are a lot of different investment opportunities that you can choose from. some will entail more risk than others, but they can also entail higher profit potentials as well. but one option that many investors may not consider when they first get started in this market is options trading. this guidebook is going to take some time to explore options trading and how even a beginner can get started making money if they choose the right strategy. working with the bull put spread strategyworking with the bear call spread strategythe importance of the butterfly and condor strategies. working with both the long straddle and the long strangle. the bear put spread strategyworking with the bull call spread strategythe ratio spreads and how they work as a strategy. the best ways to reduce your risks when you are working with options trading. you will be able to earn unlimited profits without actually having to own the security outright. and this type of investment can work no matter what kind of market conditions are present with a stock.

There are a lot of different investment opportunities that you can choose from. some will entail more risk than others, but they can also entail higher profit potentials as well. but one option that many investors may not consider when they first get started in this market is options trading. this guidebook is going to take some time to explore options trading and how even a beginner can get started making money if they choose the right strategy. working with the bull put spread strategyworking with the bear call spread strategythe importance of the butterfly and condor strategies. working with both the long straddle and the long strangle. the bear put spread strategyworking with the bull call spread strategythe ratio spreads and how they work as a strategy. the best ways to reduce your risks when you are working with options trading. you will be able to earn unlimited profits without actually having to own the security outright. and this type of investment can work no matter what kind of market conditions are present with a stock.